{
 "name": "Psilocybin mushroom species recorded in the Pacific Northwest: naming history",
 "description": "Psilocybin-containing mushroom species recorded in western Washington and the Pacific Northwest, with the authors who described them, the year and publication, the published type locality and the regional connection.",
 "publisher": "Magic Mushrooms Seattle",
 "url": "https://magicmushroomsseattle.org/psilocybin-species-pacific-northwest",
 "license": "CC BY 4.0",
 "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
 "updated": "2026-11-02",
 "record_count": 14,
 "source_note": "Naming history only. This dataset contains no identification features, habitats or locations for finding mushrooms.",
 "records": [
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe semilanceata",
   "authority": "(Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871",
   "common": "Liberty Caps, a name 1970s users in western Washington gave to this species and Psilocybe pelliculosa alike (Guzmán, Ott, Boydston and Pollock 1976)",
   "publication": "Kummer, Der Führer in die Pilzkunde: 71 (1871). Basionym Agaricus semilanceatus Fr., Observationes Mycologicae 2: 178 (1818).",
   "type_locality": "Europe (Index Fungorum gives Sweden for the basionym)",
   "northwest": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston and Pollock (1976) wrote that it was 'here reported from Washington for the first time', that recreational users in western Washington called it and P. pelliculosa by one name, Liberty Caps, and that the presence of psilocybin in it had been demonstrated.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston & Pollock 1976, Mycologia 68(6): 1267-1272",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020020"
  },
  {
   "name": "Panaeolus cinctulus",
   "authority": "(Bolton) Sacc. 1887",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 5: 1124 (1887). Basionym Agaricus cinctulus Bolton, Hist. Fung. Halifax 3: 152 (dated 1791, published 1792). Index Fungorum also lists Panaeolus subbalteatus (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1887 as a separate current name. A 2022 study notes that P. cinctulus is 'referred to as Panaeolus subbalteatus in many previous studies' (Gotvaldová et al., Int J Mol Sci 23(22): 14068, PMID 36430546).",
   "type_locality": "Great Britain (Index Fungorum, for the basionym)",
   "northwest": "Reported in 1976, under the name Panaeolus subbalteatus, as used as a recreational drug 'in various parts of Washington'; the same paper noted that it had been described as 'psilocybian'.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston & Pollock 1976, Mycologia 68(6): 1267-1272",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020020"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe cyanescens",
   "authority": "Wakefield 1946",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "In Dennis & Wakefield, Transactions of the British Mycological Society 29(3): 141-166 (name on p. 141), 1946. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(46)80038-X. An epitype from Germany was designated in 2012 (Czech Mycology 64(2): 193).",
   "type_locality": "Great Britain (holotype K(M) 63976)",
   "northwest": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston and Pollock (1976) reported it from Washington and wrote that it 'has lately begun to be used for its psychotropic effects'.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston & Pollock 1976, Mycologia 68(6): 1267-1272",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020020"
  },
  {
   "name": "Gymnopilus aeruginosus",
   "authority": "(Peck) Singer 1951",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Singer, Lilloa 22: 560 (volume dated 1949, published 1951). Basionym Pholiota aeruginosa Peck, Annual Report of the New York State Museum 43: 81 (1890).",
   "type_locality": "Pennsylvania, USA (type of the basionym)",
   "northwest": "Hatfield and Valdes (1978, Lloydia 41(2): 140-144, PMID 565861) detected psilocybin in it, in what they called the first report of psilocybin from the genus. The Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria database lists five Washington specimens filed under this name, the earliest from 1980 (queried November 2, 2026).",
   "source_title": "Hatfield & Valdes 1978, PubMed 565861",
   "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/565861/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe baeocystis",
   "authority": "Singer & A.H. Sm. 1958",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Mycologia 50(1): 141, 1958. doi:10.2307/3756045.",
   "type_locality": "Oregon (Index Fungorum; holotype MICH, collected by Sipe, 1945)",
   "northwest": "Robert G. Benedict, Lynn R. Brady and Varro E. Tyler Jr. reported psilocin in it in 1962 (J Pharm Sci 51: 393-394, PMID 13867140). Brady was at the University of Washington School of Pharmacy by 1976, according to the Puget Sound Mycological Society's newsletter.",
   "source_title": "Singer & Smith 1958, Mycologia 50(1)",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.2307/3756045"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe pelliculosa",
   "authority": "(A.H. Sm.) Singer & A.H. Sm. 1958",
   "common": "Liberty Caps, shared with Psilocybe semilanceata in 1970s western Washington usage (Guzmán, Ott, Boydston and Pollock 1976)",
   "publication": "Mycologia 50(2): 262-303 (combination on p. 280), 1958. doi:10.1080/00275514.1958.12024726. Basionym Psathyra pelliculosa A.H. Sm., Mycologia 29(1): 45-59 (p. 58), 1937. doi:10.1080/00275514.1937.12017177.",
   "type_locality": "Oregon (type of the basionym, A. H. Smith 3431, MICH)",
   "northwest": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston and Pollock (1976) named it and P. semilanceata as the two hallucinogenic species 'widely consumed throughout western Washington' under the name Liberty Caps.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán, Ott, Boydston & Pollock 1976, Mycologia 68(6): 1267-1272",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1976.12020020"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe stuntzii",
   "authority": "Guzmán & Ott 1976",
   "common": "Washington Blue Veil (reported by Weil 1977, Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 25(5): 131-149)",
   "publication": "Mycologia 68(6): 1261-1267, issue dated November-December 1976; Index Fungorum gives 1977 as the actual year of publication. doi:10.1080/00275514.1976.12020019. PMID 1034878.",
   "type_locality": "University of Washington campus, Seattle (holotype WTU, collected by D. E. Stuntz, 1973)",
   "northwest": "Named 'in honor of Dr. Daniel E. Stuntz, Professor of Botany at the University of Washington in Seattle'. The holotype is held at the University of Washington herbarium (WTU), now part of the Burke Museum.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán & Ott 1976, PubMed 1034878",
   "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1034878/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe subfimetaria",
   "authority": "Guzmán & A.H. Sm. 1978",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Mycotaxon 7(3): 515-520 (name on p. 518), October-December 1978. doi:10.5962/p.417878.",
   "type_locality": "Vancouver, British Columbia (holotype ENCB, Guzmán 16677, 1976)",
   "northwest": "One of three Psilocybe species Guzmán and Alexander H. Smith described in 1978 as new from the Pacific Northwest; the description reports psilocybin in it.",
   "source_title": "Guzmán & Smith 1978, Mycotaxon 7(3)",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5962/p.417878"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa",
   "authority": "Guzmán & Stamets 1980",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "In Stamets, Beug, Bigwood & Guzmán, Mycotaxon 11(2): 476-484 (name on p. 477), July-September 1980. doi:10.5962/p.417274.",
   "type_locality": "South King County, Washington (holotype ENCB, Stamets 79-8)",
   "northwest": "Described from Washington by Paul E. Stamets, Michael W. Beug and Jeremy E. Bigwood, all listed at The Evergreen State College in Olympia, with Gastón Guzmán. The authors detected psilocybin and psilocin in it.",
   "source_title": "Stamets, Beug, Bigwood & Guzmán 1980, Mycotaxon 11(2)",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5962/p.417274"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe liniformans var. americana",
   "authority": "Guzmán & Stamets 1980",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "In Stamets, Beug, Bigwood & Guzmán, Mycotaxon 11(2): 476-484 (variety on p. 480), 1980. doi:10.5962/p.417274. Index Fungorum now places it under Psilocybe liniformans Guzmán & Bas 1977.",
   "type_locality": "Thurston County (Olympia), Washington (type ENCB, Stamets 79-12, 1979)",
   "northwest": "Named in the same Evergreen State College paper as P. cyanofibrillosa; the authors detected psilocybin but no psilocin in it.",
   "source_title": "Stamets, Beug, Bigwood & Guzmán 1980, Mycotaxon 11(2)",
   "source_url": "https://doi.org/10.5962/p.417274"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe azurescens",
   "authority": "Stamets & Gartz 1995",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Integration 6: 21 (start page per Index Fungorum; the full page range was not verified), 1995.",
   "type_locality": "Oregon (Index Fungorum)",
   "northwest": "Described by Paul Stamets, a co-author of the 1980 Evergreen State College paper above, with Jochen Gartz. Index Fungorum records the holotype at the University of Washington herbarium (WTU) in Seattle as a Stamets collection from 1993. The Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria database instead marks a WTU specimen collected in Oregon in 1979 as the holotype (queried November 2, 2026). Both records put the holotype at WTU and the type in Oregon; which specimen is the holotype is unresolved.",
   "source_title": "Index Fungorum record 446057",
   "source_url": "https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=446057"
  },
  {
   "name": "Psilocybe allenii",
   "authority": "Borovička, Rockefeller & P.G. Werner 2012",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Czech Mycology 64(2): 181-195 (name on p. 184), published December 7, 2012. doi:10.33585/cmy.64207. The same paper designated an epitype for Psilocybe cyanescens.",
   "type_locality": "Washington, USA (Index Fungorum; holotype PRM 899876). An isotype at the University of British Columbia herbarium (UBC F023752) is labeled as collected on the University of Washington campus, Seattle, in 2009.",
   "northwest": "The UBC isotype label gives the collector as 'W. Allen' and records 'Psilocybe cyanofriscosa, nom. prov.', a provisional name for the same material. The University of Washington herbarium (WTU) also lists a 2009 collection from the campus under this name, with the collector given as 'John A. Allen'; its record does not mark it as type material (both queried November 2, 2026 in the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria database). We couldn't read the 2012 paper, so this entry doesn't say whom the epithet honors.",
   "source_title": "Index Fungorum record 564115",
   "source_url": "https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=564115"
  },
  {
   "name": "Galerina marginata",
   "authority": "(Batsch) Kühner 1935",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Kühner, Encyclopédie Mycologique 7: 225 (1935). Basionym Agaricus marginatus Batsch, Elenchus Fungorum: 207 (1789). Index Fungorum treats Galerina autumnalis as a synonym.",
   "type_locality": "Not recorded in Index Fungorum",
   "northwest": "A deadly lookalike, not a psilocybin species: University of British Columbia researchers found amatoxins in all 24 samples of the G. marginata complex they tested from western British Columbia (Landry et al. 2021). NAMA's 2010 poisoning report describes a British Columbia case in which a person seeking a psilocybin mushroom apparently ate a Galerina mushroom instead.",
   "source_title": "Landry et al. 2021, PLoS One, PubMed 33566818",
   "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33566818/"
  },
  {
   "name": "Conocybe filaris",
   "authority": "(Fr.) Kühner 1935",
   "common": "",
   "publication": "Kühner, Encyclopédie Mycologique 7: 159 (1935). Basionym Agaricus togularis var. filaris Fr. (1884). Index Fungorum treats Pholiotina filaris (Fr.) Singer as a synonym and lists Conocybe rugosa (Pholiotina rugosa) as a separate species.",
   "type_locality": "Not recorded in Index Fungorum",
   "northwest": "A deadly lookalike, not a psilocybin species: in 1975 a team that included University of Washington mycologist Daniel E. Stuntz identified it as a toxic mushroom (Brady et al., Lloydia 38(2): 172-173). Hallen, Watling and Adams (2003, PMID 14531619) state that amatoxins are present in it.",
   "source_title": "Brady, Benedict, Tyler, Stuntz & Malone 1975, PubMed 1169671",
   "source_url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1169671/"
  }
 ]
}